Stanford EE274: Data Compression I 2023 I Lecture 18 - Video Compression
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Video Compression
- Video compression aims to convert videos into a compressed bitstream.
- Video compression is computationally intensive, leading to the development of specialized hardware (e.g., Apple's M2 chip).
- Key video parameters include frame size (resolution) and frames per second (FPS).
- Video compression techniques are used to reduce the size of video files.
- Motion vectors are used to find the motion between frames.
- Block matching algorithms are used to find the best match for a block of pixels in a reference frame.
- Hierarchical searching is used to make block matching more efficient.
- The residual frame is the difference between the current frame and the predicted frame.
- The residual frame is encoded using image compression techniques.
- Different hyperparameters can be used for encoding the residual frame.
- B-frames (bilinear coding) are used in video encoding to improve compression by interpolating between I-frames (independent frames) and P-frames (predictive frames).
- I-frame compression is useful in video editing software as it allows for efficient editing of individual frames without the need to decode the entire video.
- Traditional video coding methods like H.264 and H.265 use block-based motion estimation and compensation, which can result in blocky artifacts, especially at lower bit rates.
- Learned image compression techniques can achieve smoother motion and fewer artifacts compared to traditional video codecs.
- Machine learning-based video codecs have the potential to outperform traditional codecs, but they are computationally expensive and may not be suitable for real-time applications.
Lossless Compression
- The course covered fundamental concepts such as entropy, prefix-free codes, and lossless compression techniques.
- Entropy provides a theoretical limit for lossless compression, and understanding entropy helps in practical compression scenarios.
- Non-IID data or real data was explored, including concepts like entropy rate, conditional entropy, and the relationship between good predictors and good compressors.
- Advanced predictors like context tree weighting (CTW) and prediction by partial matching (PPM) were discussed, along with the use of language models as powerful predictors for compression.
- Universal compressors achieve the entropy rate for any stationary source.
- Tips for using lossless compression in practice:
- Evaluate the data and understand the standard compression methods.
- Use existing tools and standard compressors.
Lossy Compression
- Scalar quantization, rate-distortion theory, vector quantization, and transform coding.
- Theory for lossy compression is less useful compared to lossless compression.
- Human perception plays a role in designing lossy compression algorithms.
Image Compression
- JPEG, DCT, and ML-based image compression.
Video Compression
- Residual coding, quantization, and lossless coding.
Other Topics in Information Theory
- Distributed compression and error correction coding.
- Succinct data structures for compressed data with random access.
- Compression for hardware and neural networks.
- Compression in specialized domains like AR/VR, genomics, and vision processing.
Stanford Compression Library
- Easy to use and experiment with.
- Helps understand arithmetic coding, ANS, and range coding.
- Resources on the website will be continuously updated.
Other Stanford Classes
- E276 Information Theory: Covers more theory, especially in lossy compression.
- E376 Topics in Information Theory: Focuses on universal schemes and proving entropy rates.
- Music 422: Explores audio coding, psychoacoustics, and human perception.
- CS 236 Generative Models in AI: Useful for understanding how to build good compressors through probabilistic and machine learning techniques.
Speaker's Journey in Compression
- Started in 2016 at Saki's lab.
- Will continue to work on compression-related research.